Estudio de la memoria de trabajo y la inhibición perceptiva en niños y adolescentes / Study of working memory and perceptual inhibition in children and adolescents

La memoria de trabajo (MT) mantiene y manipula información de manera temporal, por lo que interviene en importantes procesos cognitivos como la comprensión del lenguaje y el razonamiento. La inhibición perceptiva (IP) controla el ingreso de información irrelevante a la MT, permitiendo que acceda información pertinente y no se sature la MT. Por ende, ambos procesos necesitan actuar conjuntamente. En este trabajo se buscó determinar la relación existente entre IP y MT en estudiantes de 4º y 6º año de escuela primaria (de 8-9 y 11-12 años respectivamente) y 3er año de escuela secundaria (15-16 años) de Mar del Plata, Argentina, y comparar el rendimiento de esos grupos. Se encontró que la IP y la MT verbal continuaron mejorando durante la adolescencia, que las modalidades verbal y viso-espacial poseen mecanismos de control específicos, y que la modalidad compleja de la tarea verbal insume mayor control inhibitorio que la simple(AU)

Working memory (WM) is a system that mantains and manipulates information temporally, so it intervenes in important cognitive processes such as language comprehension and reasoning. Perceptual inhibition (PI) prevents irrelevant information from entering WM, allowing access to relevant information and avoiding saturation of WM. Therefore, both processes need to act together. The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between WM and PI in 8- to 9-year-olds and 11- to 12-year-old elementary school students, and 15- to 16-year-old high school students from Mar del Plata, Argentina, and to compare these groups´ performance. Results showed that PI and verbal WM continued to improve during adolescence; also, that verbal and visuospatial modalities possess specific, functionally independent control mechanisms, and that the complex verbal task requires greater inhibitory control than the simple one(AU)

Cognitive functioning: is it all or none?

Under various circumstances, the cognitive system operates in a global manner that is not very precise and barely discriminatory. This form of operating has been described via a general principal that Diamond (Developmental Psychology 45:130-138, 2009) has denominated the All or None Hypothesis. This author has described a set of corollaries derived from this hypothesis that make it possible to verify it in each one of these domains. Although there is evidence of the global and non-discriminate way in which the cognitive system operates in populations of children, to date, there are no studies that have examined whether this mode of operation is also present in populations of adults. Researchers have yet to determine whether these corollaries apply to middle-aged adults. For this reason, this is the current study's principal objective. A sample of 73 participants with ages ranging from 18 to 57 of both genders was evaluated. A modified version of the arrows test in Davidson et al. (Neuropsychologia 44:2037-2078, 2006) was used to analyze the three corollaries. The results obtained in this study can be interpreted as evidence in favor of the corollaries analyzed herein. Furthermore, they indicate that adult populations have a global response mode that is barely differentiated and that is activated by default in the face of problems and situations that demand behaviors and/or thoughts that are not very analytical and differentiated. However, in contexts that demand greater discrimination, this global mode is substituted by a controlled mode that requires greater cognitive effort and more differentiated processing.

Spanish semantic feature production norms for 400 concrete concepts.

Semantic feature production norms provide many quantitative measures of different feature and concept variables that are necessary to solve some debates surrounding the nature of the organization, both normal and pathological, of semantic memory. Despite the current existence of norms for different languages, there are still no published norms in Spanish. This article presents a new set of norms collected from 810 participants for 400 living and nonliving concepts among Spanish speakers. These norms consist of empirical collections of features that participants used to describe the concepts. Four files were elaborated: a concept-feature file, a concept-concept matrix, a feature-feature matrix, and a significantly correlated features file. We expect that these norms will be useful for researchers in the fields of experimental psychology, neuropsychology, and psycholinguistics.

Análisis de tareas de fluidez verbal en enfermos de alzheimer y adultos sanos

Las tareas de fluidez verbal son muy utilizadas para evaluar el funcionamiento cognitivo. Suelen dividirse en semántica y en fonológica; la primera requiere evocar palabras de una categoría dada y la segunda, palabras que empiecen con una determinada letra; en ambos casos, en un tiempo limitado. En dichas tareas intervienen la búsqueda y la recuperación en la memoria semántica, y el funcionamiento ejecutivo. Para estudiar esas funciones cognitivas en la demencia tipo Alzheimer, se utilizaron tareas de fluidez verbal semántica (animales) y fonológica (palabras que comienzan con p) en 40 adultos sanos y 31 pacientes con Alzheimer probable, equiparados en edad, género y nivel educativo, ya que han mostrado ser instrumentos sensibles al daño cognitivo que presentan pacientes con esa patología. Se analizaron la cantidad de palabras correctas, el tamaño de los clusters (agrupamientos según criterios semánticos o fonológicos) y la cantidad de switching (cambios entre agrupamientos). Para analizar la comparación entre grupos se utilizó una Prueba T para muestras independientes. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en ambas tareas en la cantidad de palabras (p < .001) y en la de switching (fluidez semántica: p < .001 y fonológica: p = .005), pero no en el tamaño de los clusters, lo cual daría cuenta de una falla ejecutiva en los pacientes con demencia tipo Alzheimer. Estos resultados aportan evidencia favorable a la idea de que un déficit ejecutivo, y no sólo de memoria, es característico de dicha patología.(AU)

Verbal fluency tasks are widely used to assess cognitive functioning, due to its simplicity and ease of administration. They are divided into semantic and phonemic, and require the recall of words of a given category and words that begin with a certain letter, respectively, in a limited period of time. Both tasks involve search and retrieval in semantic memory, and executive functioning. In order to study these cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease, semantic (animals) and phonemic (words beginning with p) fluency tasks were applied to 40 healthy adults and 31 Alzheimer's disease patients, matched for age, gender and educational level, as these tasks have proven to be sensitive to the cognitive impairment characteristic of this disease. We considered the number of correct words generated, the mean cluster size and the number of switches. To analyze the differences between groups we used a t-test and found that the number of correct words generated (p < .001) and the number of switches (semantic fluency: p < .001; phonemic fluency: p = .005) were statistically different in both tasks, whereas no differences were found regarding the mean cluster size. These results show an executive failure and, therefore, bring evidence that favors the idea that an executive impairment, and not only a mnesic one, is characteristic of this disease.(AU)

Análisis de tareas de fluidez verbal en enfermos de alzheimer y adultos sanos / Analysis of verbal fluency tasks in alzheimer's disease patients and healthy adults

Las tareas de fluidez verbal son muy utilizadas para evaluar el funcionamiento cognitivo. Suelen dividirse en semántica y en fonológica; la primera requiere evocar palabras de una categoría dada y la segunda, palabras que empiecen con una determinada letra; en ambos casos, en un tiempo limitado. En dichas tareas intervienen la búsqueda y la recuperación en la memoria semántica, y el funcionamiento ejecutivo. Para estudiar esas funciones cognitivas en la demencia tipo Alzheimer, se utilizaron tareas de fluidez verbal semántica (animales) y fonológica (palabras que comienzan con p) en 40 adultos sanos y 31 pacientes con Alzheimer probable, equiparados en edad, género y nivel educativo, ya que han mostrado ser instrumentos sensibles al daño cognitivo que presentan pacientes con esa patología. Se analizaron la cantidad de palabras correctas, el tamaño de los clusters (agrupamientos según criterios semánticos o fonológicos) y la cantidad de switching (cambios entre agrupamientos). Para analizar la comparación entre grupos se utilizó una Prueba T para muestras independientes. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en ambas tareas en la cantidad de palabras (p < .001) y en la de switching (fluidez semántica: p < .001 y fonológica: p = .005), pero no en el tamaño de los clusters, lo cual daría cuenta de una falla ejecutiva en los pacientes con demencia tipo Alzheimer. Estos resultados aportan evidencia favorable a la idea de que un déficit ejecutivo, y no sólo de memoria, es característico de dicha patología.

Verbal fluency tasks are widely used to assess cognitive functioning, due to its simplicity and ease of administration. They are divided into semantic and phonemic, and require the recall of words of a given category and words that begin with a certain letter, respectively, in a limited period of time. Both tasks involve search and retrieval in semantic memory, and executive functioning. In order to study these cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease, semantic (animals) and phonemic (words beginning with p) fluency tasks were applied to 40 healthy adults and 31 Alzheimer's disease patients, matched for age, gender and educational level, as these tasks have proven to be sensitive to the cognitive impairment characteristic of this disease. We considered the number of correct words generated, the mean cluster size and the number of switches. To analyze the differences between groups we used a t-test and found that the number of correct words generated (p < .001) and the number of switches (semantic fluency: p < .001; phonemic fluency: p = .005) were statistically different in both tasks, whereas no differences were found regarding the mean cluster size. These results show an executive failure and, therefore, bring evidence that favors the idea that an executive impairment, and not only a mnesic one, is characteristic of this disease.

Conciencia sintática en niños de 5 a 8 años de edad: diseño de un instrumento y evaluación de sus propiedades psicométricas / Syntactic awareness in 5-to 8-year-old children: design of an instrument and evaluation of its psychometrical properties

La conciencia sintáctica (CS) es una habilidad metalingüística vinculada con el rendimiento en lectura y en comprensión lectora. En la actualidad, no se cuenta con suficientes estudios que den cuenta de esta relación en idioma español, ni con instrumentos de medida adecuados. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un instrumento de medición de CS para nuestro contexto hispanoparlante. Dicho instrumento consta de 20 ítems que evalúan el desempeño en diferentes categorías gramaticales. Se aplicó a 208 niños de 5 a 8 años de edad y se exploró la estructura factorial del instrumento, la validez de constructo y la existencia de diferencias sociodemográficas. Los resultados muestran dos factores, y un nivel adecuado de consistencia interna. Además, se encontraron correlaciones significativas con pruebas de habilidades metalingüísticas y de lectura, y se observaron diferencias significativas en las variables sociodemográficas. Se concluye que el instrumento resulta válido y confiable para evaluar CS.(AU)

Syntactic awareness (SA) is a metalinguistic skill linked to reading performance and reading comprehension. At present, there are not enough Spanish language studies that deal with this relationship. The aim of this work is to present an instrument that measures SA in our Spanish-speaking context. This instrument, which was administered to 208 5- to 8-years-old, consists of 20 items that assess performance in different grammatical categories. We explored the factorial structure of the instrument, the construct validity and the presence of socio-demographic differences. The results show two factors, and an adequate level of internal consistency. Significant correlations with reading and other metalinguistic skills tests were found, and significant differences in socio-demographic variables were observed. Therefore, we conclude that the instrument is valid and reliable for assessing SA.(AU)

Conciencia sintática en niños de 5 a 8 años de edad: diseño de un instrumento y evaluación de sus propiedades psicométricas / Syntactic awareness in 5-to 8-year-old children: design of an instrument and evaluation of its psychometrical properties

La conciencia sintáctica (CS) es una habilidad metalingüística vinculada con el rendimiento en lectura y en comprensión lectora. En la actualidad, no se cuenta con suficientes estudios que den cuenta de esta relación en idioma español, ni con instrumentos de medida adecuados. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un instrumento de medición de CS para nuestro contexto hispanoparlante. Dicho instrumento consta de 20 ítems que evalúan el desempeño en diferentes categorías gramaticales. Se aplicó a 208 niños de 5 a 8 años de edad y se exploró la estructura factorial del instrumento, la validez de constructo y la existencia de diferencias sociodemográficas. Los resultados muestran dos factores, y un nivel adecuado de consistencia interna. Además, se encontraron correlaciones significativas con pruebas de habilidades metalingüísticas y de lectura, y se observaron diferencias significativas en las variables sociodemográficas. Se concluye que el instrumento resulta válido y confiable para evaluar CS.

Syntactic awareness (SA) is a metalinguistic skill linked to reading performance and reading comprehension. At present, there are not enough Spanish language studies that deal with this relationship. The aim of this work is to present an instrument that measures SA in our Spanish-speaking context. This instrument, which was administered to 208 5- to 8-years-old, consists of 20 items that assess performance in different grammatical categories. We explored the factorial structure of the instrument, the construct validity and the presence of socio-demographic differences. The results show two factors, and an adequate level of internal consistency. Significant correlations with reading and other metalinguistic skills tests were found, and significant differences in socio-demographic variables were observed. Therefore, we conclude that the instrument is valid and reliable for assessing SA.